Entry #7 - Beyond the sentence- Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 2 - Summary- What makes a text?

A text is any instance of language in use
It can be:

                Receptive

                Productive

                Interactive

A text needs cohesion. It is made by a combination of lexical and grammatical devices.

A text is made cohesive by:

Lexical cohesion: direct repetition, word families, synonyms, antonyms.

Grammatical cohesion: Pronouns (refer the readers back to their referents)

Reference: pronoun, article, etc

Substitution of clause elements: so- not- do- does- dis - etc

Elipsis of clause elements

Conjuncts: Linkers

Comparative

Tense

Rhetorical cohesion: Question - answer - parallelism

Reference: achieved through the use of pronouns and articles.

Anaphoric: back reference.

Cataphoric: The referent pronoun can anticipate the referent.

Nominalization: Pronouns and articles are used to refer backwards or outwards to specific referents.

Conjunts:  Additive, adversative, causal, temporal